Sudden Cardiac Death in Chagas Heart Disease
Current Concepts and Perspectives for New Advances
Keywords:
Death, Sudden, Chagas Cardiomyopath, Arrhythmias, CardiacAbstract
Chagas disease affects millions of people in Latin America and its evolution to heart disease has the sudden cardiac death (SCD) as one main outcome. In this article, we sought to review the essential evidence-based aspects about prognostic markers and treatments for SCD, including farmacological treatment, use of implantable devices and invasive treatment of ventricular arrhthymias.
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References
1. Chagas disease in Latin America: an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(6):33-43. PMID: 25671846
2. Dyer O. Undiagnosed Chagas disease is causing sudden cardiac deaths, warns American Heart Association. BMJ. 2018;362:k3658.
3. Rassi A Jr, Rassi SG, Rassi A. Sudden death in Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;76(1):75-96. PMID: 11175486
4. Mendoza I, Moleiro F, Marques J. Sudden death in Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1992;59(1):3-4. PMID: 1341144
5. Oliveira JS, Barbieri Neto J. Chagasic cardiopathy. Rupture of the apical aneurysm. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1970;23(5):335-8.
6. Chagas C. O mal de Chagas. Arch Soc Med Cir São Paulo. 1912;3:34-66.
7. Lopes ER, da Cunha LF, dos Santos TA, Resende AV, Jorge BH, Salomão LA, et al. Daily and weekly circadian variations in sudden death in Chagas disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1993;61(6):345-8. PMID: 8204069
8. Macêdo V. Indeterminate form of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94 Suppl 1:311-6.
9. Schmidt A, Dias Romano MM, Marin-Neto JA, Rao-Melacini P, Rassi A Jr, Mattos A, et al.; BENEFIT Investigators. Effects of Trypanocidal Treatment on Echocardiographic Parameters in Chagas Cardiomyopathy and Prognostic Value of Wall Motion Score Index: A BENEFIT Trial Echocardiographic Substudy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018 Nov 9. pii: S0894-7317(18)30504-2.
10. Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM, Ianni BM, Parga JR, Avila LF, et al. Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas’ disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1553-8. PMID: 16226184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.067
11. Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Nascimento EM, Pereira Bde B, Pedrosa RC. Relationship between fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas heart disease without ventricular dysfunction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(5):456-64. PMID: 24918912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052
12. Volpe GJ, Moreira HT, Trad HS, Wu KC, Braggion-Santos MF, Santos MK, et al. Left Ventricular Scar and Prognosis in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(21):2567-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.035
13. Issa VS, Amaral AF, Cruz FD, Ferreira SM, Guimarães GV, Chizzola PR, et al. Beta-blocker therapy and mortality of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy: a subanalysis of the REMADHE prospective trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(1):82-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.882035
14. Al-Gobari M, El Khatib C, Pillon F, Gueyffier F. β-Blockers for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-52
15. Shen L, Jhund PS, Petrie MC, Claggett BL, Barlera S, Cleland JGF, et al. Declining Risk of Sudden Death in Heart Failure. New Eng J Med. 2017;377(1):41-51.
PMID: 28679089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609758
16. Rassi Junior A, Gabriel Rassi A, Gabriel Rassi S, Rassi Junior L, Rassi A. Ventricular arrhythmia in Chagas disease. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic features. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995;65(4):377-87. PMID: 8728815
17. Scanavacca MI, Sosa EA, Lee JH, Bellotti G, Pileggi F. Empiric therapy with amiodarone in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1990;54(6):367-71. PMID:
2288524
18. Chiale PA, Halpern MS, Nau GJ, Tambussi AM, Przybylski J, Lázzari JO, et al. Efficacy of amiodarone during long-term treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic chagasic myocarditis. Am Heart J. 1984;107(4):656-65. PMID: 6702559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(84)90311-9
19. Stein C, Migliavaca CB, Colpani V, da Rosa PR, Sganzerla D, Giordani NE, et al. Amiodarone for arrhythmia in patients with Chagas disease: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(8):e0006742.
20. Andrade JP, Marin-Neto JA, Paola AA, Vilas-Boas F, Oliveira GM, Bacal F, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz Latino Americana para o Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Cardiopatia Chagásica. I Latin American guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Arq
Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2 Suppl 3):1-48.
21. Russo AM, Stainback RF, Bailey SR, Epstein AE, Heidenreich PA, Jessup M, et al. ACCF/HRS/AHA/ASE/HFSA/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2013 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force, Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Failure Society of America, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society
of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1318-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.017
22. Cardinalli-Neto A, Nakazone MA, Grassi LV, Tavares BG, Bestetti RB. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with severe Chagas cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2011;150(1):94-5. PMID: 21497920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.03.036
23. Rassi A Jr, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A. Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas’ disease. Heart. 2009;95(7):524-34. PMID: 19131444
24. Rassi A Jr. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with Chagas heart disease: misperceptions, many questions and the urgent need for a randomized clinical trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(12):1241-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.01011.x
25. Martinelli M, Rassi A Jr, Marin-Neto JA, de Paola AA, Berwanger O, Scanavacca MI, et al. CHronic use of Amiodarone aGAinSt Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of death in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy Study: rationale and design of a
randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(6):976-82.e4.
26. Rassi A Jr, Rassi A. Another disappointing result with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with Chagas disease. Europace. 2013;15(9):1383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut092
27. Cardinalli-Neto A, Bestetti RB, Cordeiro JA, Rodrigues VC. Predictors of allcause mortality for patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(12):1236-40.
28. Muratore CA, Batista Sa LA, Chiale PA, Eloy R, Tentori MC, Escudero J, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and Chagas’ disease: results of the ICD Registry Latin America. Europace. 2009;11(2):164-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eun325
29. Martinelli M, de Siqueira SF, Sternick EB, Rassi A Jr, Costa R, Ramires JA, et al. Long-term follow-up of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention in chagas’ heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(7):1040-5. PMID:
22727179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.040
30. Barbosa MP, da Costa Rocha MO, de Oliveira AB, Lombardi F, Ribeiro AL. Efficacy and safety of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with Chagas disease. Europace. 2013;15(7):957-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut011
31. Barbosa MP, Rocha MO, Lombardi F, Ribeiro AL. ICDs in Chagas heart disease: the standard treatment for secondary prevention of sudden death. Europace. 2013;15(9):1383-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut123
32. Gali WL, Sarabanda AV, Baggio JM, Ferreira LG, Gomes GG, Marin-Neto JA, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for treatment of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Chagas’ heart disease: comparison with a control group treated with amiodarone alone. Europace. 2014;16(5):674-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut422
33. Pereira FT, Rocha EA, Monteiro MD, Neto AC, Daher Ede F, Sobrinho CR, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic Chagas Disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014;37(6):751-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12342
34. Martinelli Filho M, De Siqueira SF, Moreira H, Fagundes A, Pedrosa A, Nishioka SD, et al. Probability of occurrence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas’ disease versus non-Chagas’ disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(11 Pt 2):1944-6.
35. Wathen MS, Sweeney MO, DeGroot PJ, Stark AJ, Koehler JL, Chisner MB, et al. Shock reduction using antitachycardia pacing for spontaneous rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001;104(7):796-801. PMID: 11502705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3101.093906
36. Wathen MS, DeGroot PJ, Sweeney MO, Stark AJ, Otterness MF, Adkisson WO, et al.; PainFREE Rx II Investigators. Prospective randomized multicenter trial of empirical antitachycardia pacing versus shocks for spontaneous
rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators: Pacing Fast Ventricular Tachycardia Reduces Shock Therapies (PainFREE Rx II) trial results. Circulation. 2004;110(17):2591-6. PMID: 15492306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000145610.64014.E4
37. Pavão MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni-Filho A, Rassi A Jr, Pazin-Filho A, Pavão RB, et al. Long-term follow-up of Chagas heart disease patients receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(6):583-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13333
38. Rossi MA. Fibrosis and inflammatory cells in human chronic chagasic myocarditis: scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical observations. Int J Cardiol. 1998;66(2):183-94. PMID: 9829333 DOI: https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00208-3
39. Miranda CH, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A. Prognostic evaluation of the troponin I elevation after multiple spontaneous shocks of the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(9):1085-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.04.053
40. Scanavacca M. Epicardial ablation for ventricular tachycardia in chronic Chagas heart disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(6):524-8. PMID: 25004413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140082
41. Henz BD, do Nascimento TA, Dietrich Cde O, Dalegrave C, Hernandes V, Mesas CE, et al. Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial substrate mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation as first-line treatment for ventricular tachycardia and frequent ICD shocks in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009;26(3):195-205. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-009-9433-4
42. Armaganijan LV, Staico R, Moreira DA, Lopes RD, Medeiros PT, Habib R, et al. 6-Month Outcomes in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Undergoing Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(7):984-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.03.012
43. Saenz LC, Corrales FM, Bautista W, Traina M, Meymandi S, Rodriguez DA, et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation for intractable ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas disease. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(7):1388-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.014
44. Araujo EF, Chamlian EG, Peroni AP, Pereira WL, Gandra SM, Rivetti LA. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: long-term follow up. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2014;29(1):31-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140008
45. Menezes Junior ADS, Lopes CC, Cavalcante PF, Martins E. Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy Patients and Resynchronization Therapy: a Survival Analysis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;33(1):82-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0134
46. Martinelli Filho M, de Lima Peixoto G, de Siqueira SF, Martins SAM, Nishioka SAD, Pedrosa AAA, et al. A cohort study of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2018;20(11):1813-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux375.
2. Dyer O. Undiagnosed Chagas disease is causing sudden cardiac deaths, warns American Heart Association. BMJ. 2018;362:k3658.
3. Rassi A Jr, Rassi SG, Rassi A. Sudden death in Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;76(1):75-96. PMID: 11175486
4. Mendoza I, Moleiro F, Marques J. Sudden death in Chagas’ disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1992;59(1):3-4. PMID: 1341144
5. Oliveira JS, Barbieri Neto J. Chagasic cardiopathy. Rupture of the apical aneurysm. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1970;23(5):335-8.
6. Chagas C. O mal de Chagas. Arch Soc Med Cir São Paulo. 1912;3:34-66.
7. Lopes ER, da Cunha LF, dos Santos TA, Resende AV, Jorge BH, Salomão LA, et al. Daily and weekly circadian variations in sudden death in Chagas disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1993;61(6):345-8. PMID: 8204069
8. Macêdo V. Indeterminate form of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94 Suppl 1:311-6.
9. Schmidt A, Dias Romano MM, Marin-Neto JA, Rao-Melacini P, Rassi A Jr, Mattos A, et al.; BENEFIT Investigators. Effects of Trypanocidal Treatment on Echocardiographic Parameters in Chagas Cardiomyopathy and Prognostic Value of Wall Motion Score Index: A BENEFIT Trial Echocardiographic Substudy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018 Nov 9. pii: S0894-7317(18)30504-2.
10. Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM, Ianni BM, Parga JR, Avila LF, et al. Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas’ disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1553-8. PMID: 16226184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.067
11. Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Nascimento EM, Pereira Bde B, Pedrosa RC. Relationship between fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas heart disease without ventricular dysfunction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(5):456-64. PMID: 24918912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052
12. Volpe GJ, Moreira HT, Trad HS, Wu KC, Braggion-Santos MF, Santos MK, et al. Left Ventricular Scar and Prognosis in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(21):2567-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.035
13. Issa VS, Amaral AF, Cruz FD, Ferreira SM, Guimarães GV, Chizzola PR, et al. Beta-blocker therapy and mortality of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy: a subanalysis of the REMADHE prospective trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3(1):82-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.882035
14. Al-Gobari M, El Khatib C, Pillon F, Gueyffier F. β-Blockers for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-52
15. Shen L, Jhund PS, Petrie MC, Claggett BL, Barlera S, Cleland JGF, et al. Declining Risk of Sudden Death in Heart Failure. New Eng J Med. 2017;377(1):41-51.
PMID: 28679089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609758
16. Rassi Junior A, Gabriel Rassi A, Gabriel Rassi S, Rassi Junior L, Rassi A. Ventricular arrhythmia in Chagas disease. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic features. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995;65(4):377-87. PMID: 8728815
17. Scanavacca MI, Sosa EA, Lee JH, Bellotti G, Pileggi F. Empiric therapy with amiodarone in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1990;54(6):367-71. PMID:
2288524
18. Chiale PA, Halpern MS, Nau GJ, Tambussi AM, Przybylski J, Lázzari JO, et al. Efficacy of amiodarone during long-term treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic chagasic myocarditis. Am Heart J. 1984;107(4):656-65. PMID: 6702559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(84)90311-9
19. Stein C, Migliavaca CB, Colpani V, da Rosa PR, Sganzerla D, Giordani NE, et al. Amiodarone for arrhythmia in patients with Chagas disease: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(8):e0006742.
20. Andrade JP, Marin-Neto JA, Paola AA, Vilas-Boas F, Oliveira GM, Bacal F, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz Latino Americana para o Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Cardiopatia Chagásica. I Latin American guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Arq
Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2 Suppl 3):1-48.
21. Russo AM, Stainback RF, Bailey SR, Epstein AE, Heidenreich PA, Jessup M, et al. ACCF/HRS/AHA/ASE/HFSA/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2013 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force, Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Failure Society of America, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society
of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1318-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.017
22. Cardinalli-Neto A, Nakazone MA, Grassi LV, Tavares BG, Bestetti RB. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with severe Chagas cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2011;150(1):94-5. PMID: 21497920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.03.036
23. Rassi A Jr, Dias JC, Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A. Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas’ disease. Heart. 2009;95(7):524-34. PMID: 19131444
24. Rassi A Jr. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with Chagas heart disease: misperceptions, many questions and the urgent need for a randomized clinical trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(12):1241-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.01011.x
25. Martinelli M, Rassi A Jr, Marin-Neto JA, de Paola AA, Berwanger O, Scanavacca MI, et al. CHronic use of Amiodarone aGAinSt Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of death in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy Study: rationale and design of a
randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(6):976-82.e4.
26. Rassi A Jr, Rassi A. Another disappointing result with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with Chagas disease. Europace. 2013;15(9):1383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut092
27. Cardinalli-Neto A, Bestetti RB, Cordeiro JA, Rodrigues VC. Predictors of allcause mortality for patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(12):1236-40.
28. Muratore CA, Batista Sa LA, Chiale PA, Eloy R, Tentori MC, Escudero J, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and Chagas’ disease: results of the ICD Registry Latin America. Europace. 2009;11(2):164-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eun325
29. Martinelli M, de Siqueira SF, Sternick EB, Rassi A Jr, Costa R, Ramires JA, et al. Long-term follow-up of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention in chagas’ heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(7):1040-5. PMID:
22727179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.040
30. Barbosa MP, da Costa Rocha MO, de Oliveira AB, Lombardi F, Ribeiro AL. Efficacy and safety of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with Chagas disease. Europace. 2013;15(7):957-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut011
31. Barbosa MP, Rocha MO, Lombardi F, Ribeiro AL. ICDs in Chagas heart disease: the standard treatment for secondary prevention of sudden death. Europace. 2013;15(9):1383-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut123
32. Gali WL, Sarabanda AV, Baggio JM, Ferreira LG, Gomes GG, Marin-Neto JA, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for treatment of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Chagas’ heart disease: comparison with a control group treated with amiodarone alone. Europace. 2014;16(5):674-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut422
33. Pereira FT, Rocha EA, Monteiro MD, Neto AC, Daher Ede F, Sobrinho CR, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic Chagas Disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014;37(6):751-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12342
34. Martinelli Filho M, De Siqueira SF, Moreira H, Fagundes A, Pedrosa A, Nishioka SD, et al. Probability of occurrence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas’ disease versus non-Chagas’ disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(11 Pt 2):1944-6.
35. Wathen MS, Sweeney MO, DeGroot PJ, Stark AJ, Koehler JL, Chisner MB, et al. Shock reduction using antitachycardia pacing for spontaneous rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001;104(7):796-801. PMID: 11502705 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3101.093906
36. Wathen MS, DeGroot PJ, Sweeney MO, Stark AJ, Otterness MF, Adkisson WO, et al.; PainFREE Rx II Investigators. Prospective randomized multicenter trial of empirical antitachycardia pacing versus shocks for spontaneous
rapid ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators: Pacing Fast Ventricular Tachycardia Reduces Shock Therapies (PainFREE Rx II) trial results. Circulation. 2004;110(17):2591-6. PMID: 15492306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000145610.64014.E4
37. Pavão MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni-Filho A, Rassi A Jr, Pazin-Filho A, Pavão RB, et al. Long-term follow-up of Chagas heart disease patients receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(6):583-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.13333
38. Rossi MA. Fibrosis and inflammatory cells in human chronic chagasic myocarditis: scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical observations. Int J Cardiol. 1998;66(2):183-94. PMID: 9829333 DOI: https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00208-3
39. Miranda CH, Schmidt A, Pazin-Filho A. Prognostic evaluation of the troponin I elevation after multiple spontaneous shocks of the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(9):1085-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.04.053
40. Scanavacca M. Epicardial ablation for ventricular tachycardia in chronic Chagas heart disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(6):524-8. PMID: 25004413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140082
41. Henz BD, do Nascimento TA, Dietrich Cde O, Dalegrave C, Hernandes V, Mesas CE, et al. Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial substrate mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation as first-line treatment for ventricular tachycardia and frequent ICD shocks in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009;26(3):195-205. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-009-9433-4
42. Armaganijan LV, Staico R, Moreira DA, Lopes RD, Medeiros PT, Habib R, et al. 6-Month Outcomes in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Undergoing Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(7):984-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2015.03.012
43. Saenz LC, Corrales FM, Bautista W, Traina M, Meymandi S, Rodriguez DA, et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation for intractable ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas disease. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(7):1388-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.014
44. Araujo EF, Chamlian EG, Peroni AP, Pereira WL, Gandra SM, Rivetti LA. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: long-term follow up. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2014;29(1):31-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140008
45. Menezes Junior ADS, Lopes CC, Cavalcante PF, Martins E. Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy Patients and Resynchronization Therapy: a Survival Analysis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;33(1):82-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0134
46. Martinelli Filho M, de Lima Peixoto G, de Siqueira SF, Martins SAM, Nishioka SAD, Pedrosa AAA, et al. A cohort study of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2018;20(11):1813-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux375.
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Published
2018-10-01
How to Cite
Ribeiro Cury Pavão, M. L., Arfelli, E., Garcia Leal, M., Marin Neto, J. A., & Schmidt, A. (2018). Sudden Cardiac Death in Chagas Heart Disease: Current Concepts and Perspectives for New Advances. JOURNAL OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, 31(4), 133–137. Retrieved from https://jca.emnuvens.com.br/jca/article/view/94
